市政供熱市政管網如何標準化施工？

隨著城市集中供熱的快速發展，熱管網建設和設計受到廣泛關注。供熱管網范圍廣，規模大，成本高，特點和城市整體發展規劃密切相關。因此，要提供熱管網管網的設計水平，制定最科學的施工方案，既能保證項目順利實施，又能最大限度地控制項目成本和進度。文中主要結合城鎮供熱預制直埋保溫管道工程標準化施工及施工現場施工過程的相關問題及差異。市政管網 

概  述   

標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化是(shi)指在(zai)經濟、技術、科(ke)學和(he)管(guan)理(li)等(deng)社會實踐中(zhong)，對重復性的事物和(he)概念(nian)，通(tong)過制訂、發布和(he)實施標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)達到(dao)統一(yi)，以獲得最佳秩(zhi)序和(he)社會效(xiao)益，標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)通(tong)稱為標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)領(ling)域，尚未作出對這三個術語規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)使用的進一(yi)步規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)：產(chan)品、方(fang)法、符號、概念(nian)等(deng)；規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)：工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘察、規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃、設(she)(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)等(deng)；規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)：操作、工(gong)(gong)藝、管(guan)理(li)等(deng)。也就(jiu)是(shi)說按標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)、規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)的就(jiu)是(shi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。 

供熱管網施工(gong)需要注意的問題(ti)     

（一(yi)）管網(wang)布置 

熱(re)管網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)型和(he)布(bu)置(zhi)應(ying)按照相(xiang)關技術規范進(jin)行(xing)。地形管線應(ying)符合地下(xia)(xia)水位，良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地質條件和(he)相(xiang)對平坦的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。根據實(shi)際(ji)要(yao)求和(he)施工(gong)技術，建立(li)熱(re)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)短長度，在城市環(huan)境布(bu)局中(zhong)考(kao)慮網(wang)絡環(huan)境。不(bu)允許干擾城市交通(tong)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)，網(wang)絡布(bu)局要(yao)考(kao)慮設立(li)其他市政項(xiang)目(mu)，減少相(xiang)互之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖突(tu)，為管理維護打(da)下(xia)(xia)堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。 

（二(er)）對熱網主干線的設計

城市供(gong)(gong)暖熱(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)逐(zhu)漸減少，供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)半徑(jing)上(shang)升，直(zhi)接導致供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)管網建設投資繼續增長(chang)(chang)，占總供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)項目(mu)總投資的(de)一半以上(shang)。為了減少項目(mu)投資，有必要優化供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)網的(de)設計，使主線(xian)的(de)長(chang)(chang)度最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)化。通常(chang)的(de)做(zuo)法(fa)是在(zai)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)負荷密(mi)集區域提供(gong)(gong)網絡設計熱(re)(re)(re)量，并(bing)減少主干的(de)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)影響(xiang)；與熱(re)(re)(re)水供(gong)(gong)水管道相比，用戶(hu)對(dui)系統的(de)阻(zu)力可以認為是恒(heng)定的(de)，所(suo)以主線(xian)用戶(hu)加熱(re)(re)(re)管網最(zui)(zui)為合理(li)。 

（三）補償器設計 

補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)是高溫加熱(re)網絡不可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)。補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量基(ji)于管(guan)(guan)道(dao)和(he)安全補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)溫度(du)變形(xing)，管(guan)(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強度(du)被固定或推力(li)考慮(lv)。在(zai)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選型和(he)設(she)計中，必須根據管(guan)(guan)道(dao)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)和(he)位置(zhi)(zhi)來確定。常用(yong)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)有(you)以下形(xing)式(shi)：方形(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)，套筒補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)，波紋補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)和(he)旋轉補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)。在(zai)引導(dao)(dao)腳手(shou)架(jia)(jia)補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)布局，并引導(dao)(dao)支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)間距(ju)。根據補(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)跨度(du)位置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)，必須根據計算(suan)結(jie)果確定支(zhi)撐間距(ju)，以防止長(chang)距(ju)離(li)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)導(dao)(dao)致不穩定。

供熱管網施工   

（一(yi)）制定完(wan)善的質量體(ti)系(xi) 

在市政管(guan)網(wang)熱管(guan)網(wang)的具體施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)必須按照相(xiang)關(guan)設(she)計圖(tu)紙，確(que)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程序的規范(fan)化和(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)準化，從而(er)確(que)保項(xiang)目的整(zheng)體質量。同時，在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，為(wei)更好地(di)推進施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)管(guan)理(li)(li)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)要(yao)(yao)建立健(jian)全(quan)(quan)質量管(guan)理(li)(li)體系，進一步提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水平。首先(xian)要(yao)(yao)確(que)保項(xiang)目建設(she)進度在規劃的范(fan)圍之內。其(qi)次(ci)在管(guan)理(li)(li)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)的合理(li)(li)選擇，需要(yao)(yao)加強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)的素質和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備的管(guan)理(li)(li)，確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量的標(biao)(biao)準化和(he)(he)科(ke)學化。另外(wai)，要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)控制(zhi)，加強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效果的完善。特別是在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)安(an)全(quan)(quan)。只有確(que)保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)，后續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)才(cai)能正常運行。 

（二）做好管網施工前清理(li) 

以(yi)往在使用(yong)熱管(guan)(guan)(guan)網時，往往由于管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)不完全(quan)清潔和加熱不足。因此，施工前，技術人員應(ying)仔(zi)細(xi)檢查施工管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)，清理廢渣(zha)，沉渣(zha)等(deng)雜(za)質，提高管(guan)(guan)(guan)網加熱功(gong)能。管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)堵(du)塞是管(guan)(guan)(guan)網運行(xing)中的常見現(xian)象，也是影響(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)網采暖的重要(yao)因素。因此，為了保證管(guan)(guan)(guan)網工程(cheng)的正常運行(xing)，為避免(mian)不必要(yao)的資金(jin)投入，施工人員和現(xian)場監(jian)理人員應(ying)注意管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)材料的清潔，確(que)保管(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)的安全(quan)。 

（三）溝槽開挖 

在(zai)溝(gou)槽開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)前應(ying)對各地下障礙(ai)物及相(xiang)應(ying)管(guan)道管(guan)線進(jin)行標注(zhu)并設置明顯標志，在(zai)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)過程中應(ying)高程進(jin)行嚴格(ge)控(kong)制，進(jin)行跟蹤控(kong)制，應(ying)以絕(jue)對高程控(kong)制相(xiang)對高程。在(zai)現實(shi)施工(gong)(gong)中有些施工(gong)(gong)單位以路面(mian)高程及管(guan)道埋(mai)深(shen)來(lai)定開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)深(shen)度，這樣(yang)容易出現高程誤差。在(zai)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)中應(ying)將工(gong)(gong)作坑及相(xiang)應(ying)井(jing)室一次開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)到(dao)位避免二次開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，在(zai)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)過程中應(ying)嚴格(ge)控(kong)制溝(gou)槽作業面(mian)，溝(gou)槽底(di)部不得小于設計(ji)底(di)面(mian)所(suo)需(xu)寬度，否則(ze)在(zai)后期(qi)維修施工(gong)(gong)中無(wu)法開(kai)(kai)(kai)展工(gong)(gong)作。 

（四）吊裝(zhuang)焊接管(guan)道 

市(shi)政管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)網施工現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)堆(dui)放管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)3層，且高度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)2m，在(zai)(zai)吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嚴(yan)禁采用(yong)鋼(gang)絲(si)繩及吊(diao)(diao)鉤(gou)進行(xing)吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)寬度(du)(du)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)5mm以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)吊(diao)(diao)帶(dai)進行(xing)吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)，嚴(yan)禁將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)從運(yun)輸車輛上(shang)(shang)直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)推向溝(gou)槽及地面。在(zai)(zai)施工現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會存在(zai)(zai)堆(dui)放高度(du)(du)過高及用(yong)鋼(gang)絲(si)繩吊(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)等現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)進行(xing)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)時管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)任何位(wei)置不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)十字焊(han)(han)縫(feng)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)在(zai)(zai)支架處不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得有(you)環(huan)形焊(han)(han)縫(feng)，有(you)縫(feng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)對口及容(rong)器(qi)、鋼(gang)板(ban)卷(juan)(juan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)相(xiang)(xiang)鄰筒(tong)(tong)節組(zu)對時，縱向焊(han)(han)縫(feng)之(zhi)間(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)互錯開的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)100mm，容(rong)器(qi)、鋼(gang)板(ban)卷(juan)(juan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)同一筒(tong)(tong)節上(shang)(shang)兩相(xiang)(xiang)鄰縱縫(feng)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)小于(yu)(yu)(yu)300mm，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)兩相(xiang)(xiang)鄰環(huan)形焊(han)(han)縫(feng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得小于(yu)(yu)(yu)300mm，在(zai)(zai)有(you)縫(feng)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)上(shang)(shang)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)分(fen)支管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)時，分(fen)支管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)壁(bi)與(yu)其他焊(han)(han)縫(feng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)支管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)徑，且不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得小于(yu)(yu)(yu)70mm，在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)注意介(jie)質(zhi)流向及相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)位(wei)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同地方(fang)有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同標準，焦作地區管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)位(wei)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)西路(lu)在(zai)(zai)路(lu)南(nan)，南(nan)北路(lu)在(zai)(zai)路(lu)東(dong)，面朝來(lai)水方(fang)向左供右回，焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)附(fu)件時要(yao)注意查(cha)看安(an)裝(zhuang)使用(yong)說明書，部份附(fu)件上(shang)(shang)標注有(you)介(jie)質(zhi)方(fang)向，針(zhen)對焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)外(wai)觀(guan)質(zhi)量要(yao)多(duo)(duo)注意檢查(cha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)底部焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)量，多(duo)(duo)數眼睛(jing)能看到的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)符合(he)(he)要(yao)求，由于(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)施工多(duo)(duo)數計件工進行(xing)，部分(fen)焊(han)(han)工為(wei)(wei)趕進度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)部管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)焊(han)(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)基(ji)本(ben)用(yong)心(xin)(xin)下部支差應(ying)(ying)付，存在(zai)(zai)大(da)量缺陷(xian)，針(zhen)對外(wai)觀(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)口即可(ke)斷定(ding)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)(zai)外(wai)觀(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)探(tan)傷合(he)(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。

（五）保溫接(jie)頭、接(jie)頭安裝完畢(bi)后應進行氣密(mi)性試驗 

在(zai)外護管結構(gou)上(shang)的溫度降(jiang)至40度以(yi)下(xia)時，經接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)充入空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)或(huo)氮(dan)氣(qi)(qi)，充氣(qi)(qi)壓力為0.02MPa，穩定壓力2min后(hou)，在(zai)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)部位涂刷皂水，進行(xing)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)氣(qi)(qi)密性檢查。當工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)鋼(gang)管管徑小于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)DN200時，宜(yi)采用熱(re)(re)(re)縮帶式(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)，當大于(yu)等于(yu)DN250且小于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)DN450時，可采用熱(re)(re)(re)縮帶式(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)或(huo)電熔焊式(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)，當大于(yu)等于(yu)DN500時，宜(yi)采用電熔焊式(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)。在(zai)現場施工(gong)(gong)中，多(duo)數(shu)氣(qi)(qi)密性試驗不做，DN300以(yi)下(xia)多(duo)為熱(re)(re)(re)縮帶式(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)，現場檢查多(duo)為外觀檢查，多(duo)數(shu)試驗不做。 

（六）回填直(zhi)埋管 

完成(cheng)管(guan)(guan)網測試壓(ya)力(li)沖洗后(hou)，進行管(guan)(guan)網回填。先填充管(guan)(guan)道(dao)底部約100-200㎝沙子，然后(hou)在(zai)500mm處(chu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)頂部填埋沙子，最后(hou)進行回填和壓(ya)實工作。在(zai)施工過程中(zhong)，要特別注意壓(ya)實工作的施工過程，嚴格(ge)監督(du)相關監理人員的工作，確保回填作業的規范化(hua)，避(bi)免使用晚期管(guan)(guan)網。 市(shi)政管(guan)(guan)網

總之，在(zai)供熱管網(wang)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)，即(ji)使(shi)用(yong)強大(da)的專業設(she)計(ji)施工(gong)網(wang)絡技術，也非常復雜，所以在(zai)設(she)計(ji)過程中(zhong)(zhong)優(you)化設(she)計(ji)，完(wan)善設(she)計(ji)施工(gong)相關問題(ti)，保(bao)證供熱管網(wang)質量(liang)(liang)的建(jian)設(she)質量(liang)(liang)，實現(xian)更高(gao)(gao)的建(jian)設(she)和施工(gong)要求，才能使(shi)整個熱管網(wang)實現(xian)高(gao)(gao)穩定(ding)性和經(jing)濟性。